Scriptures

Śrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam

BOOK 6 • CHAPTER 18
Ch 18 Verse 1-2 Verse
Sanskrit Text
६.१८ अष्टादशोऽध्यायः । शिवप्रसादेन लक्ष्मीद्वारा भगवत्याः समाराधनवर्णनम् । जनमेजय उवाच । इति शप्ता भगवता सिन्धुजा कोपयोगतः । कथं सा वडवा जाता रेवन्तेन च किं कृतम् ॥ १ ॥ कस्मिन्देशेऽब्धिजा देवी वडवारूपधारिणी । संस्थितैकाकिनी बाला परोषित्पतिका यथा ॥ २ ॥
English Translation
Janamejaya said :-- How did the Goddess Lakṣmī, the daughter of the ocean, come to be born as a mare, when cursed by the Bhagavān in His moment of anger, and what did Revanta do at that time? In what country was the Devī born as a mare and how did She pass Her time alone like one whose husband had gone abroad.
Ch 18 Verse 3 Verse
Sanskrit Text
कालं कियन्तमायुष्मन् वियुक्ता पतिना रमा । संस्थिता विजनेऽरण्ये किं कृतं च तया पुनः ॥ ३ ॥
English Translation
O Muni! How long and in what forest unfrequented by persons did she pass her time, thus deprived of the companion of her husband and what did she do at that time?
Ch 18 Verse 4-5 Verse
Sanskrit Text
समागमं कदा प्राप्ता वासुदेवस्य सिन्धुजा । पुत्रः कथं तया प्राप्तो नारायणवियुक्तया ॥ ४ ॥ एतद्वृत्तान्तमार्येश कथयस्व सविस्तरम् । श्रोतुकामोऽस्मि विप्रेन्द्र कथाख्यानमनुत्तमम् ॥ ५ ॥
English Translation
When was she reconciled with her husband Vāsudeva? and how did she get a son, when she lived in a state of separation from her husband. O best of Āryas! I am very curious to hear this excellent story. So describe this in full details to me.
Ch 18 Verse 6 Verse
Sanskrit Text
सूत उवाच । इति पृष्टस्तदा व्यासः परीक्षित्तनयेन वै । कथयामास भो विप्राः कथामेतां सुविस्तराम् ॥ ६ ॥
English Translation
Sūta said :-- O Ṛṣis! Thus questioned by Janamejaya, the Dvaipāyan Muni began to recite the story in its full details.
Ch 18 Verse 7 Verse
Sanskrit Text
व्यास उवाच । शृणु राजन् प्रवक्ष्यामि कथां पौराणिकीं शुभाम् । पावनीं सुखदां कर्णे विशदाक्षरसंयुताम् ॥ ७ ॥
English Translation
Vyāsa said :--O King! I will now describe to you the pleasing story of the Purāṇas in a clear distinct language; hear.
Ch 18 Verse 8 Verse
Sanskrit Text
रेवन्तस्तु रमां दृष्ट्वा शप्ता देवेन कामिनीम् । भयार्तः प्रययौ दूरात्प्रणम्य जगतां पतिम् ॥ ८ ॥
English Translation
Revanta, the son of the Sun, became terrified to see Vāsudeva, the Deva of the Devas cursing the Lakṣmī Devī and, after bowing down to Janārdan, the Lord of the world, went off.
Ch 18 Verse 9 Verse
Sanskrit Text
पितुः सकाशं त्वरितो वीक्ष्य कोपं जगत्पतेः । निवेदयामास कथां भास्कराय स शापजाम् ॥ ९ ॥
English Translation
Seeing the anger of Viṣṇu, the Lord of the world, he went quickly to his father and informed him of the curse delivered by Nārāyaṇa to the Goddess Lakṣmī.
Ch 18 Verse 10 Verse
Sanskrit Text
दुःखिता सा रमा देवी प्रणम्य जगदीश्वरम् । आज्ञप्ता मानुषं लोकं प्राप्ता कमललोचना ॥ १० ॥
English Translation
And the Lakṣmī Devī, the lotus-eyed, thus cursed, got the permission of Nārāyaṇa and with a grieved heart bowed down to him and came down to the world of mortals.
Ch 18 Verse 11 Verse
Sanskrit Text
सूर्यपत्न्या तपस्तप्तं यत्र पूर्वं सुदारुणम् । तत्रैव सा ययावाशु वडवारूपधारिणी ॥ ११ ॥
English Translation
She took the form of a mare and went to the spot where the wife of the Sun (named Ccāyā) practised her asceticism in ancient times.
Ch 18 Verse 12 Verse
Sanskrit Text
कालिन्दीतमसासङ्गे सुपर्णाक्षस्य चोत्तरे । सर्वकामप्रदे स्थाने सुरम्यवनमण्डिते ॥ १२ ॥
English Translation
The place was the confluence of the river Kālindi and the Tamasā, and decorated with lovely forests and trees situated north of the mountain named Suparṇākṣa, yielding all desires.
Ch 18 Verse 13-15 Verse
Sanskrit Text
तत्र स्थिता महादेवं शङ्करं वाञ्छितप्रदम् । दध्यौ चैकेन मनसा शूलिनं चन्द्रशेखरम् ॥ १३ ॥ पञ्चाननं दशभुजं गौरीदेहार्धधारिणम् । कर्पूरगौरदेहाभं नीलकण्ठं त्रिलोचनम् ॥ १४ ॥ व्याघ्राजिनधरं देवं गजचर्मोत्तरीयकम् । कपालमालाकलितं नागयज्ञोपवीतिनम् ॥ १५ ॥
English Translation
There she meditated with her whole heart the auspicious Mahādeva Śaṅkara, the Giver of all desires, thus :-- That Mahādeva is holding the Triśūla (the trident) on his arms; His forehead is adorned with beautiful cooling semi-Moon; He has five faces, each face having three eyes; His throat is coloured blue; He has ten arms; His body is white like camphor; He wears a tiger’s skin; His upper garment is of elephant’s skin; and snakes are his holy thread; He is holding the one-half of the body of Gaurī and his neck is adorned with garlands of human skulls.
Ch 18 Verse 16 Verse
Sanskrit Text
सागरस्य सुता कृत्वा हयीरूपं मनोहरम् । तस्मिंस्तीर्थे रमादेवी चकार दुश्चरं तपः ॥ १६ ॥
English Translation
The Goddess Lakṣmī, the daughter of the ocean, assuming the form of a mare, thus practised severe asceticism in that place of pilgrimage.
Ch 18 Verse 17 Verse
Sanskrit Text
ध्यायमाना परं देवं वैराग्यं समुपाश्रिता । दिव्यं वर्षसहस्रं तु गतं तत्र महीपते ॥ १७ ॥
English Translation
O King! With a feeling of intense dispassion (Vairāgyam) towards the worldly things, She spent the divine one thousand years in the meditation of Mahādeva, the God of the Gods.
Ch 18 Verse 18 Verse
Sanskrit Text
ततस्तुष्टो महादेवो वृषारूढस्त्रिलोचनः । प्रत्यक्षोऽभून्महेशानः पार्वतीसहितः प्रभुः ॥ १८ ॥
English Translation
After that period, the Highest Lord Mahādeva, mounting on His bull, came there with His consort Pārvatī and appeared before the Lakṣmī Devī, perceptible by his eyes.
Ch 18 Verse 19-21 Verse
Sanskrit Text
तत्रैत्य सगणः शम्भुस्तामाह हरिवल्लभाम् । तपस्यन्तीं महाभागामश्विनीरूपधारिणीम् ॥ १९ ॥ किं तपस्यसि कल्याणि जगन्मातर्वदस्व मे । सर्वार्थदः पतिस्तेऽस्ति सर्वलोकविधायकः ॥ २० ॥ हरिं त्यक्त्वाद्य मां कस्मात्स्तौषि देवि जगत्पतिम् । वासुदेवं जगन्नाथं भुक्तिमुक्तिप्रदायकम् ॥ २१ ॥
English Translation
Appearing thus with His host of His own persons, He then spoke to Lakṣmī, dear to Hari, now practising ascetism in the form of a mare, “O Auspicious One! You are the Mother of this whole Universe and your Husband is the Creator of these worlds and is capable to give all desires. Why are You, then, practising asceticism, when He is present? What is the cause of this? O Devī! Why are You praising hymns to me, instead of to Vāsudeva Śrī Hari, Who is capable to yield enjoyments and final liberation, and Who is the Preserver and the Lord of this world.
Ch 18 Verse 22 Verse
Sanskrit Text
वेदोक्तं वचनं कार्यं नारीणां देवता पतिः । नान्यस्मिन्सर्वथा भावः कर्तव्यः कर्हिचित्क्वचित् ॥ २२ ॥
English Translation
O Devī! Work should be done according to the authority of the Vedas; it is stated in the Vedas that the husband is the lord of a woman; therefore it is never advisable to fix one’s mind entirely on another person.
Ch 18 Verse 23 Verse
Sanskrit Text
पतिशुश्रूषणं स्त्रीणां धर्म एव सनातनः । यादृशस्तादृशः सेव्यः सर्वथा शुभकाम्यया ॥ २३ ॥
English Translation
The eternal Dharma of women is to serve their husbands; whether the husband be a saint or a sinner, the woman, desirous of her welfare, should serve her husband in every way.
Ch 18 Verse 24 Verse
Sanskrit Text
नारायणस्तु सर्वेषां सेव्यो योग्यः सदैव हि । तं त्यक्त्वा देवदेवेशं किं मां ध्यायसि सिन्धुजे ॥ २४ ॥
English Translation
O Daughter of the Ocean! Your husband Nārāyaṇa is fit to be served by all and He is capable to yield all desires. Why are you then worshipping Me, and leaving the Lord of the Goloka, the Deva of the Devas.”
Ch 18 Verse 25 Verse
Sanskrit Text
लक्ष्मीरुवाच । आशुतोष महेशान शप्ताहं पतिना शिव । मां समुद्धर देवेश शापादस्माद्दयानिधे ॥ २५ ॥
English Translation
Lakṣmī said :-- O Deva of the Devas! O Seat of Auspiciousness! I know that You are soon pleased with Your servant. My husband has cursed me. O Ocean of mercy! Kindly save me from this curse.
Ch 18 Verse 26-27 Verse
Sanskrit Text
तदोक्तं हरिणा शम्भो शापानुग्रहकारणम् । विज्ञप्तेन मया कामं दयायुक्तेन विष्णुना ॥ २६ ॥ यदा ते भविता पुत्रस्तदा शापस्य मोक्षणम् । भविष्यति च वैकुण्ठवासस्ते कमलालये ॥ २७ ॥
English Translation
O Śambhu! When I informed my husband of my mental agonies, graciously and mercifully He then pointed out how I might be freed of this curse thus :-- “O Kamale! When Your son will be born, then You will be freed of this curse and will, no doubt, come back and live in this Heaven of Vaikuntha.”
Ch 18 Verse 28 Verse
Sanskrit Text
इत्युक्ताहं तपस्तप्तुमागतास्मि तपोवने । आराधितो मया देव त्वं सर्वार्थप्रदायकः ॥ २८ ॥
English Translation
Thus spoken, I have come in this hermitage to make tapas and to worship Thee, knowing that Thou art the Bhagavān, the Lord of Bhavanī, the Lord of all and the Giver of all desires.
Ch 18 Verse 29 Verse
Sanskrit Text
पतिसङ्गं विना पुत्रं देवदेव लभे कथम् । स तु तिष्ठति वैकुण्ठे त्यक्त्वा वामामनागसम् ॥ २९ ॥
English Translation
O Lord of the Devas! How can I get a son without the intercourse of My husband? Though I am guiltless, my husband has forsaken me and is living in Vaikuṇṭha.
Ch 18 Verse 30 Verse
Sanskrit Text
वरं मे देहि देवेश यदि तुष्टोऽसि शङ्कर । तव तस्य द्विधा भावो नास्ति नूनं कदाचन ॥ ३० ॥
English Translation
O Maheśvara! Thou art doing good to all persons; and if Thou art pleased with me, then grant me a boon.
Ch 18 Verse 31 Verse
Sanskrit Text
मयैतद्गिरिजाकान्त ज्ञातं पत्युः पुरो हर । यस्त्वं योऽसौ पुनर्योऽसौ स त्वं नास्त्यत्र संशयः ॥ ३१ ॥
English Translation
O Lord! I know full well that there is no distinction between Him and Thee. O Lord of Girījā! This truth I have come to learn from my husband. O Hara! You are the same thing that He is and what is He is the same as You; there is not the least doubt in this.
Ch 18 Verse 32 Verse
Sanskrit Text
एकत्वं च मया ज्ञात्वा मया ते स्मरणं कृतम् । अन्यथा मम दोषस्त्वामाश्रयन्त्या भवेच्छिव ॥ ३२ ॥
English Translation
O Thou, full of auspiciousness! Recognising the Sameness without any distinction between Him and Thee, I am meditating on Thee. Had it been otherwise, then I would certainly have been guilty when I take Thy refuge and meditate on Thee.
Ch 18 Verse 33 Verse
Sanskrit Text
शिव उवाच । कथं ज्ञातस्त्वया देवि मम तस्य च सुन्दरि । ऐक्यभावो हरेर्नूनं सत्यं मे वद सिन्धुजे ॥ ३३ ॥
English Translation
Śaṅkara said :-- “O Devī, the daughter of the Ocean! Tell truly before me how you have been able to realise the identity between Him and Me.
Ch 18 Verse 34 Verse
Sanskrit Text
एकत्वं च न जानन्ति देवाश्च मुनयस्तथा । ज्ञानिनो वेदतत्त्वज्ञाः कुतर्कोपहताः किल ॥ ३४ ॥
English Translation
The Devas, Munis and the Maharṣis, versed in the Vedas, get their understandings baffled by wrong argumentations and never realise the identity without any difference between us.
Ch 18 Verse 35 Verse
Sanskrit Text
मद्भक्ता वासुदेवस्य निन्दका बहवस्तथा । विष्णभक्तास्तु बहवो मम निन्दापरायणाः ॥ ३५ ॥
English Translation
Almost everywhere you will perceive that many of my devotees blame me. Specially in this Kālī Yuga due to the influence of Time, this happens to a very great extent in many cases.
Ch 18 Verse 36 Verse
Sanskrit Text
भवन्ति कालभेदेन कलौ देवि विशेषतः । कथं ज्ञातस्त्वया भद्रे दुर्ज्ञेयो ह्यकृतात्मभिः ॥ ३६ ॥
English Translation
O Auspicious One! Let that go! How have you come to know this matter, which is difficult even for the liberal-minded persons to comprehend. Know that this perception of the identity between me and Hari is very rare.”
Ch 18 Verse 37-38 Verse
Sanskrit Text
सर्वथा त्वैक्यभावस्तु हरेर्मम च दुर्लभः । व्यास उवाच । इति सा शम्भुना पुष्टा तुष्टेन हरिवल्लभा ॥ ३७ ॥ वृत्तान्तं तस्य विज्ञातं प्रवक्तुमुपचक्रमे । शिवं प्रति रमा तत्र प्रसन्नवदना भृशम् ॥ ३८ ॥
English Translation
Vyāsa said :-- O King! When Mahādeva asked thus with great pleasure, the Devī Kamalā, the darling of Hari, gladly replied the essence of the matter to Mahādeva.
Ch 18 Verse 39 Verse
Sanskrit Text
लक्ष्मीरुवाच । एकदा देवदेवेश विष्णुर्ध्यानपरो रहः । दृष्टो मया तपः कुर्वन्पद्मासनगतो यदा ॥ ३९ ॥
English Translation
Lakṣmī said :-- “O Deva of the Devas! One day Bhagavān Viṣṇu, seated in the Padmāsana posture, was immersed in deep meditation.
Ch 18 Verse 40-42 Verse
Sanskrit Text
तदाहं विस्मिता देवं तमपृच्छं पतिं किल । प्रबुद्धं सुप्रसन्नं च ज्ञात्वा विनयपूर्वकम् ॥ ४० ॥ देवदेव जगन्नाथ यदाहं निर्गतार्णवात् । मथ्यमानात्सुरैर्दैत्यैः सर्वैर्ब्रह्मादिभिः प्रभो ॥ ४१ ॥ वीक्षिताश्च मया सर्वे पतिकामनया तदा । वृतस्त्वं सर्वदेवेभ्यः श्रेष्ठोऽसीति विनिश्चयात् ॥ ४२ ॥
English Translation
I was very much astonished at this. When His meditation was over and when He was in a pleasant mood, I asked Him with great humility, O Deva of the Devas! I know that You are the Lord of the world and Master of this whole Universe; when Brahmā and the other Devas were united and churned the great ocean, I came out of the waters and looked all around to know who is the superior one whom I can select as my husband and then, thinking You as the superior to all the Devas, I accepted You as my husband. Now whose meditation You are doing again?
Ch 18 Verse 43 Verse
Sanskrit Text
त्वं कं ध्यायसि सर्वेश संशयोऽयं महान्मम । प्रियोऽसि कैटभारे मे कथयस्व मनोगतम् ॥ ४३ ॥
English Translation
A great doubt has thus occurred in my mind. O Lord! You are my most Beloved; now disclose to me your innermost desire and thought.”
Ch 18 Verse 44 Verse
Sanskrit Text
विष्णुरुवाच । शृणु कान्ते प्रवक्ष्यामि यं ध्यायामि सुरोत्तमम् । आशुतोषं महेशानं गिरिजावल्लभं हृदि ॥ ४४ ॥
English Translation
Viṣṇu said :-- “O Beloved! Hear now, whom I am meditating. I am meditating in the lotus of My heart that Mahādeva Maheśvara, the Highest of all the Devas. Mahādeva, the Deva of the Devas, of indomitable prowess, sometimes meditates on Me and sometimes I meditate on the Lord of the Deva, Śaṅkara, the Destroyer of Tripurā.
Ch 18 Verse 45-46 Verse
Sanskrit Text
कदाचिद्देवदेवो मां ध्यायत्यमितविक्रमः । ध्यायाम्यहं च देवेशं शङ्करं त्रिपुरान्तकम् ॥ ४५ ॥ शिवस्याहं प्रियः प्राणः शङ्करस्तु तथा मम । उभयोरन्तरं नास्ति मिथः संसक्तचेतसोः ॥ ४६ ॥
English Translation
I am dear to Śiva as his life is dear to him and Śaṅkara is similarly dear to me. The hearts of us both are attached to each other in the most secret way possible; therefore there is not the least difference betwixt us both.
Ch 18 Verse 47 Verse
Sanskrit Text
नरकं यान्ति ते नूनं ये द्विषन्ति महेश्वरम् । भक्ता मम विशालाक्षि सत्यमेतद्ब्रवीम्यहम् ॥ ४७ ॥
English Translation
O large-eyed One! Those men who being my devotees hate Śaṅkara, certainly go to hell. I speak this very truly unto you.”
Ch 18 Verse 48 Verse
Sanskrit Text
इत्युक्तं देवदेवेन विष्णुना प्रभविष्णुना । एकान्ते किल पृष्टेन मया शैलसुताप्रिय ॥ ४८ ॥
English Translation
O Maheśvara! When I asked him this question when he was all alone, that Deva of the Devas, the Highest Viṣṇu thus said to me.
Ch 18 Verse 49 Verse
Sanskrit Text
तस्मात्त्वां वल्लभं विष्णोर्ज्ञात्वा ध्यातवती ह्यहम् । तथा कुरु महेशान यथा मे प्रियसङ्गमः ॥ ४९ ॥
English Translation
Therefore I am meditating on You, knowing that You are His beloved. O Maheśa! Now find out means by which I can mix with My husband.
Ch 18 Verse 50-51 Verse
Sanskrit Text
व्यास उवाच । इति श्रियो वचः श्रुत्वा प्रत्युवाच महेश्वरः । तामाश्वास्य प्रियैर्वाक्यैर्यथार्थं वाक्यकोविदः ॥ ५० ॥ स्वस्था भव पृथुश्रोणि तुष्टोऽहं तपसा तव । समागमस्ते पतिना भविष्यति न संशयः ॥ ५१ ॥
English Translation
Vyāsa said :-- O King! Mahādeva, skilled in speech, hearing thus the words of Lakṣmī, consoled Her with sweet words and said :-- “O Beautiful! Be peaceful; I am pleased with Your tapasyā; soon You will come in contact with Your husband.
Ch 18 Verse 52 Verse
Sanskrit Text
अत्रैव हयरूपेण भगवाञ्जगदीश्वरः । आगमिष्यति ते कामं पूर्णं कर्तुं मयेरितः ॥ ५२ ॥
English Translation
There is not the least doubt in this. When I will send the Bhagavān, the Lord of the world, He will come before you in the shape of a horse, to satisfy your desires.
Ch 18 Verse 53 Verse
Sanskrit Text
तथाहं प्रेरयिष्यामि तं देवं मधुसूदनम् । यथासौ हयरूपेण त्वामेष्यति मदातुरः ॥ ५३ ॥
English Translation
I will send the Madhusūdana, the Deva of the Devas, in such a manner, as he will come in the form of a horse, passionately attached to you.
Ch 18 Verse 54 Verse
Sanskrit Text
पुत्रस्ते भविता सुभ्रु नारायणसमः क्षितौ । भविष्यति स भूपालः सर्वलोकनमस्कृतः ॥ ५४ ॥
English Translation
O One of good eye brows! Thus you will get a son equivalent to Nārāyaṇa; and the son will be the King on this earth and will be undoubtedly worshipped by all.
Ch 18 Verse 55 Verse
Sanskrit Text
सुतं प्राप्य महाभागे त्वं तेन पतिना सह । गन्तासि देवि वैकुण्ठं प्रिया तस्य भविष्यसि ॥ ५५ ॥
English Translation
O fortunate One! After you get your son, you will go to Vaikuṇṭha with Nārāyaṇa and will reside there as His Beloved.
Ch 18 Verse 56 Verse
Sanskrit Text
एकवीरेति नाम्नासौ ख्यातिं यास्यति ते सुतः । तस्मात्तु हैहयो वंशो भुवि विस्तारमेष्यति ॥ ५६ ॥
English Translation
Your son will be famed by the name of Ekavīra; and from him will propagate the Haihaya dynasty on the earth. O Kamale! You were blind by prosperity, and, becoming passionate, you forgot the Devī Parameśvarī, residing in your heart.
Ch 18 Verse 57 Verse
Sanskrit Text
परं तु विस्मृतासि त्वं हृदिस्थां परमेश्वरीम् । मदान्धा मत्तचित्ता च तेन ते फलमीदृशम् ॥ ५७ ॥
English Translation
Therefore you have experienced such a result. Therefore, to expiate that sin, take Her refuge by all means.
Ch 18 Verse 58 Verse
Sanskrit Text
अतस्तद्दोषशान्त्यर्थं हृदिस्थां परदेवताम् । शरणं याहि सर्वात्मभावेन जलधेः सुते ॥ ५८ ॥
English Translation
O Devī! If your heart remained attached to the Highest Devī the blissful Bhagavatī, your heart would never have got attached to the Ucceāisravā horse."
Ch 18 Verse 59 Verse
Sanskrit Text
अन्यथा तव चित्तं तु कथं गच्छेद्धयोत्तमे । व्यास उवाच । इति दत्त्वा वरं देव्यै भगवाञ्छैलजापतिः ॥ ५९ ॥
English Translation
Vyāsa said :-- O King! Thus granting boons to Lakṣmī Devī, He with his consort Umā vanished away in her presence.
Ch 18 Verse 60-178 Verse
Sanskrit Text
अन्तर्धानं गतः साक्षादुमया सहितः शिवः । सापि तत्रैव चार्वङ्गी संस्थिता कमलासना ॥ ६० ॥ ध्यायन्ती चरणाम्भोजं देव्याः परमशोभनम् । देवासुरशिरोरत्ननिघृष्टनखमण्डलम् ॥ ६१ ॥ प्रेमगद्गदया वाचा तुष्टाव च मुहुर्मुहुः । प्रतीक्षमाणा भर्तारं हयरूपधरं हरिम् ॥ ६२ ॥
Sanskrit Colophon
इति श्रीमद्देवीभागवते महापुराणेऽष्टादशसाहस्र्यां संहितायां षष्ठस्कन्धे शिवप्रसादेन लक्ष्मीद्वारा भगवत्याः समाराधनवर्णनं नामाष्टादशोऽध्यायः ॥ ६.१८॥
English Translation
Kamalā Devī, lovely in all respects, whose toe nails are always rubbed by the gems on the coronets of the Devas, began to meditate on the lotus-feet of Ambikā and in expectation of his beloved Hari, in the shape of a horse, praised and chanted hymns frequently to the Highest Goddess, in words choked with feelings of intense love. Here ends the Eighteenth Chapter of the Sixth Book on the origin of the Haihaya Dynasty in the Mahāpurāṇam Śrī Mad Devī Bhāgavatam of 18,000 verses by Maharṣi Veda Vyāsa.